Code
ORYLO
Growth form
grass
Biological cycle
vivacious
Habitat
aquatic
ORYLO
Growth form
grass
Biological cycle
vivacious
Habitat
aquatic
🗒 Synonyms
| synonym | Oryza dewildemanii Vanderyst, pro syn. |
| synonym | Oryza madagascariensis (A.Chev.) Roshev. |
| synonym | Oryza perennis subsp. madagascariensis A.Chev. |
| synonym | Oryza silvestris f. longiligulata A.Chev., nom. nud. |
| synonym | Oryza silvestris Stapf ex A.Chev., nom. nud. |
🗒 Common Names
| Malagasy |
|
📚 Overview
Description
General habit
Robust vivacious grass in tuft, with long creeping rhizomes and erect stems, reaching up to 3 m high.
Underground system
Fibrous roots and rooting at the lower nodes. The plant spreads by creeping of vigorous and branched rhizomes, which can reach 2.50 meters in length.
Culm
The stem of the grass is erect, with cylindrical section. It measures up to 3 m high and 2.5 cm in diameter. It is spongy and glabrous. The nodes are dark and glabrous. Decumbent base takes roots at the lower nodes. The thatch is sometimes floating. In this case, aerial roots develop at the upper nodes.
Leaf
The leaves are simple alternate, distichous at the base of the stem. The prefoliation is folded. The cylindrical sheath is extended by thick, hairy auricles, 5 to 10 mm long. Ligule of lower leaves is very long and pointed, often split, papery. It measures 15 to 70 mm. The blade is elongate, with narrow base, of a greater width in the middle, with tapered end. It measures 20 to 45 cm long and 7 to 20 mm wide. It is flat, glabrous, scabrous on the upper side and on the margin. The bottom face is smooth.
Inflorescence
The inflorescence is a narrow panicle, 20 to 30 cm long, which can reach 40 cm long. Its axis is sinuous. It is composed of a varying number of slender, erect and oblique racemes with equally sinuous axis. The racemes are 5 cm long or more.
Flower
Spikelets oblong, flat, 4.5 to 12 mm long are extended with a long edge. They are deciduous. Their color ranges from pale green to brown. The glumes are reduced. The lemmas are keeled, scabrous, extended by an equally scabrous edge of 0.3 to 8 cm long, pink when young and often red.
Grain
The grain is oblong. It measures 7.5 to 8.5 mm long. It is light brown in color.
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Global description
Oryza longistaminata is a wild, vivacious rice weed, with robust erect stems, 2 to 3 m high. It spreads by long creeping rhizomes. Its leaves are narrow and elongated, with scabrous upper surface and margin. They are characterized by the presence of a large ligule, long and pointed, framed by two hairy auricles (characteristics that are also found in cultivated rice, which is annual). The inflorescence is a large, erect panicle with ascending, spaced racemes. The spikelets are extended by several cm long barbs, a color ranging from red to pink. The grain is about 8 mm long. It is light brown in color.General habit
Robust vivacious grass in tuft, with long creeping rhizomes and erect stems, reaching up to 3 m high.
Underground system
Fibrous roots and rooting at the lower nodes. The plant spreads by creeping of vigorous and branched rhizomes, which can reach 2.50 meters in length.
Culm
The stem of the grass is erect, with cylindrical section. It measures up to 3 m high and 2.5 cm in diameter. It is spongy and glabrous. The nodes are dark and glabrous. Decumbent base takes roots at the lower nodes. The thatch is sometimes floating. In this case, aerial roots develop at the upper nodes.
Leaf
The leaves are simple alternate, distichous at the base of the stem. The prefoliation is folded. The cylindrical sheath is extended by thick, hairy auricles, 5 to 10 mm long. Ligule of lower leaves is very long and pointed, often split, papery. It measures 15 to 70 mm. The blade is elongate, with narrow base, of a greater width in the middle, with tapered end. It measures 20 to 45 cm long and 7 to 20 mm wide. It is flat, glabrous, scabrous on the upper side and on the margin. The bottom face is smooth.
Inflorescence
The inflorescence is a narrow panicle, 20 to 30 cm long, which can reach 40 cm long. Its axis is sinuous. It is composed of a varying number of slender, erect and oblique racemes with equally sinuous axis. The racemes are 5 cm long or more.
Flower
Spikelets oblong, flat, 4.5 to 12 mm long are extended with a long edge. They are deciduous. Their color ranges from pale green to brown. The glumes are reduced. The lemmas are keeled, scabrous, extended by an equally scabrous edge of 0.3 to 8 cm long, pink when young and often red.
Grain
The grain is oblong. It measures 7.5 to 8.5 mm long. It is light brown in color.
Wiktrop
| Attributions | Wiktrop |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY |
| References |
No Data
📚 Nomenclature and Classification
No Data
📚 Natural History
Life Cycle
Life cycle
Vivacious
There is content in another language. Please click here to read it. (Français)
Madagascar: O. longistaminata develops with cultivated rice and flowers with the varieties of rice having long crop cycle and photoperiod, in late March or early April.
Wiktrop
| Attributions | Wiktrop |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY |
| References |
Cyclicity
There is content in another language. Please click here to read it. (Français)
Oryza longistaminata is a vivacious species, reproducing by seed and vegetatively from its vigorous rhizomes. The fragments of rhizomes and seeds of wild rice are spread by water and tillage tools.
Wiktrop
| Attributions | Wiktrop |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY |
| References |
Morphology
Growth form
Tuft plant with narrow leaves
Leaf arrangement
Alternate
Leaf type
Grass or grass-like
Grass-like leaf type
Grass leaf
Type of prefoliation
Folded lead
Stem section
Round
Root type
Rhizome
Fibrous roots
Ligule type
Ligule membranous large
Hollow or solid stem
Hollow stem
Stipule type
No stipule
Leaf attachment type
with graminate sheathing
Fruit type
Grain of grasses
Lamina base
sheathing grass-like broader
Lamina margin
scabrous
Lamina apex
attenuate
Upperface pilosity
Glabrous
Less hairy
Upperface hair type
Scabrous
Lowerface pilosity
Glabrous
Simple leaf type
Lamina linear
Lamina section
folded
Lamina Veination
Parallel
Flower color
Green
Inflorescence type
Panicle
Stem pilosity
Glabrous
Life form
Grass
Look Alikes
Characters to distinguish several species of Oryza
| Biology | Ligule | Auricules | Spikelet | Awn | Species |
| annual | 15-45 mm pointed | yes | persistant | no/yes | O. sativa |
| annual | 2-8 mm rounded | no | caducous | yes | O. barthii |
| annual | 3-5 mm rounded | yes | persistant | no | O. glaberrima |
| vivacious floating | 17 mm pointed | yes | caducous | yes | O. rufipogon |
| vivacious | 15-70 mm pointed | yes | caducous | yes | O. longistaminata |
Thomas Le Bourgeois
| Attributions | |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY |
| References |
There is content in another language. Please click here to read it. (Français)
Ecology
Oryza longistaminata is a plant of flooded marshland, marshes, ponds, river banks and weed in rice fields. It prefers hydromorphic to flooded clay soils. It can develop in deep water.
Madagascar: Oryza longistaminata grows on fairly fertile clay hydromorphic soils in sunny places or very slightly shaded. It's a weed seasonally flooded rice cultivation in extensive or semi-intensive system. It is also present in the canals and drains at the edge of the backwaters and lakes of the Northwest plains of the Lake Alaotra plain (mean sea level) and rice plains of the East Coast.
Madagascar: Oryza longistaminata grows on fairly fertile clay hydromorphic soils in sunny places or very slightly shaded. It's a weed seasonally flooded rice cultivation in extensive or semi-intensive system. It is also present in the canals and drains at the edge of the backwaters and lakes of the Northwest plains of the Lake Alaotra plain (mean sea level) and rice plains of the East Coast.
Wiktrop
| Attributions | Wiktrop |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY |
| References |
There is content in another language. Please click here to read it. (Français)
No Data
📚 Habitat and Distribution
General Habitat
West and Central Africa, Southern Africa and Madagascar.
Habitat
Marshland
Aquatic
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Origin
Tropical Africa
West and Central Africa, Southern Africa and Madagascar.
Wiktrop
| Attributions | Wiktrop |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY |
| References |
No Data
📚 Occurrence
No Data
📚 Demography and Conservation
Risk Statement
There is content in another language. Please click here to read it. (Français)
Local harmfulness
Benin: frequent and scarce.
Burkina Faso: frequent and generally abundant.
Ivory Coast: frequent and scarce.
Ghana: frequent and generally abundant.
Madagascar: O. longistaminata is a relatively infrequent weed of flooded rice but always abundant when present. This species grows dense and deep rhizomes very difficult to eradicate; heavy and almost always wet or flooded soil is a problem in the implementation of the mechanical or manual methods of control. It is a weed species characteristic of flooded rice fields in fairly deep water (during much of the year). It is especially harmful in quite heavily flooded parts of the rice plains of the East Coast, Middle East (Lake Alaotra) and Northwest (seasonal rice).
Mali: frequent and generally abundant.
Mauritius: absent.
Reunion: absent.
Senegal: frequent and generally abundant.
Tanzania: common and generally abundant.
Chad: frequent and generally abundant.
Benin: frequent and scarce.
Burkina Faso: frequent and generally abundant.
Ivory Coast: frequent and scarce.
Ghana: frequent and generally abundant.
Madagascar: O. longistaminata is a relatively infrequent weed of flooded rice but always abundant when present. This species grows dense and deep rhizomes very difficult to eradicate; heavy and almost always wet or flooded soil is a problem in the implementation of the mechanical or manual methods of control. It is a weed species characteristic of flooded rice fields in fairly deep water (during much of the year). It is especially harmful in quite heavily flooded parts of the rice plains of the East Coast, Middle East (Lake Alaotra) and Northwest (seasonal rice).
Mali: frequent and generally abundant.
Mauritius: absent.
Reunion: absent.
Senegal: frequent and generally abundant.
Tanzania: common and generally abundant.
Chad: frequent and generally abundant.
Wiktrop
| Attributions | Wiktrop |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY |
| References |
No Data
📚 Uses and Management
Uses
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Other: O. longistaminata is a potential source of gene for improving the resistance of cultivated rice to abiotic and biotic stress (Brink, 2006; Yang et al., 2010)
Wiktrop
| Attributions | Wiktrop |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY |
| References |
Management
Global management
For general information on the weeding of irrigated rice and lowland in Africa, see here
For information on the management of perennial grasses irrigated rice and lowland in Africa, see here
Local management
Madagascar: In Alaotra Lake, in seasonally flooded rice farming, rice farmers does dry plowing in the dry season after the removal of water; the rhizomes that are left dried after plowing and harrowing can be burned with rice straw that are left in the field after threshing or worked with several passages of the tooth harrow during soil preparation; but this helps only diminishes the rhizomatous rice population and still may spread the fragments of rhizome.
For general information on the weeding of irrigated rice and lowland in Africa, see here
For information on the management of perennial grasses irrigated rice and lowland in Africa, see here
Local management
Madagascar: In Alaotra Lake, in seasonally flooded rice farming, rice farmers does dry plowing in the dry season after the removal of water; the rhizomes that are left dried after plowing and harrowing can be burned with rice straw that are left in the field after threshing or worked with several passages of the tooth harrow during soil preparation; but this helps only diminishes the rhizomatous rice population and still may spread the fragments of rhizome.
Wiktrop
| Attributions | Wiktrop |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY |
| References |
There is content in another language. Please click here to read it. (Français)
No Data
📚 Information Listing
Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF)
Thomas Le Bourgeois
| Attributions | |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY |
| References |
There is content in another language. Please click here to read it. (Français)
References
- Okezie Akobundu, I. et Agyakwa, C.W. 1989. Guide des adventices d'Afrique de l'Ouest. Institut international d'agriculture tropicale, Ibadan, Nigeria.
- Merlier, H., Montégut, J. 1982. Adventices tropicales. ORSTOM-GERDAT-ENSH, Montpellier, France.
- BOSSER J., 1969 – Graminées des pâturages et des cultures à Madagascar. ORSTOM Paris, p 57-61.
- Hutchinson, J., Dalziel, J.M., Keay, R.W.J., Hepper, F.N. 1972. Flora of west tropical africa. The Whitefriars Press, London & Tonbridge, Great Britain.
- Johnson, D.E. 1997. Les adventices en riziculture en Afrique de l'Ouest. ADRAO/WARDA, Bouaké, Côte-d'Ivoire.
- Poilecot, P. 1999. Les Poaceae du Niger. Conservatoire et jardin botaniques de Genève, Genève, Suisse.
- HAIYUAN YANG, LIWEI HU, THOMAS HUREK AND BARBARA REINHOLD-HUREK. 2010 - Global characterization of the root transcriptome of a wild species of rice, Oryza longistaminata, by deep sequencing. BMC Genomics 2010, 11 :705 ; 8 pages.
- Grard, P., T. Le Bourgeois, J. Rodenburg, P. Marnotte, A. Carrara, R. Irakiza, D. Makokha, G. kyalo, K. Aloys, K. Iswaria, N. Nguyen and G. Tzelepoglou (2012). AFROweeds V.1.0: African weeds of rice Montpellier, France & Cotonou, Bénin, Cirad-AfricaRice eds.
Information Listing > References
- Okezie Akobundu, I. et Agyakwa, C.W. 1989. Guide des adventices d'Afrique de l'Ouest. Institut international d'agriculture tropicale, Ibadan, Nigeria.
- Merlier, H., Montégut, J. 1982. Adventices tropicales. ORSTOM-GERDAT-ENSH, Montpellier, France.
- BOSSER J., 1969 – Graminées des pâturages et des cultures à Madagascar. ORSTOM Paris, p 57-61.
- Hutchinson, J., Dalziel, J.M., Keay, R.W.J., Hepper, F.N. 1972. Flora of west tropical africa. The Whitefriars Press, London & Tonbridge, Great Britain.
- Johnson, D.E. 1997. Les adventices en riziculture en Afrique de l'Ouest. ADRAO/WARDA, Bouaké, Côte-d'Ivoire.
- Poilecot, P. 1999. Les Poaceae du Niger. Conservatoire et jardin botaniques de Genève, Genève, Suisse.
- HAIYUAN YANG, LIWEI HU, THOMAS HUREK AND BARBARA REINHOLD-HUREK. 2010 - Global characterization of the root transcriptome of a wild species of rice, Oryza longistaminata, by deep sequencing. BMC Genomics 2010, 11 :705 ; 8 pages.
- Grard, P., T. Le Bourgeois, J. Rodenburg, P. Marnotte, A. Carrara, R. Irakiza, D. Makokha, G. kyalo, K. Aloys, K. Iswaria, N. Nguyen and G. Tzelepoglou (2012). AFROweeds V.1.0: African weeds of rice Montpellier, France & Cotonou, Bénin, Cirad-AfricaRice eds.
Images
Herbarium pictures ReCOLNAT : https://explore.recolnat.org/search/botanique/simplequery=Oryza%2520longistaminata
Thomas Le Bourgeois
| Attributions | |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY |
| References |
There is content in another language. Please click here to read it. (Français)
No Data
🐾 Taxonomy
| Root | Root |
| Kingdom | Plantae |
| Phylum | Tracheophyta |
| Class | Liliopsida |
| Order | Poales |
| Family | Poaceae |
| Genus | Oryza |
| Species | Oryza longistaminata A.Chev. & Roehr. |
📊 Temporal Distribution
📷 Related Observations
